Practical Tips on How to Use EV Charging Stations

• Level 1 Charging: Uses a standard household outlet (120V), providing slow but steady charging. Level 1 charging adds about 3 to 5 miles of range per hour, making it ideal for overnight home charging or emergency top-ups.

• Level 2 Charging: Uses a 240V outlet, commonly found at home charging setups and public chargers, adding ~20-25 miles per hour.

• DC Fast Charging Stations: Deliver high-speed direct current (DC) power, charging an EV’s battery up to 80% in 20-60 minutes. DC fast chargers bypass the onboard converter, supplying power directly to an EV's battery. Charging speed for DC fast charging can reach up to 350 kW, allowing some EVs to charge in around 15 minutes. These chargers are essential for long road trips and quick public EV charging needs.

Common Connector Types

• SAE J1772: Standard for Level 1 & 2 charging, used by most electric vehicles except Tesla cars (which require an adapter).

• CCS Connectors (Combined Charging System): Used for DC fast charging, widely available across EV charging stations.

• CHAdeMO Connector: Found in older Nissan and Mitsubishi electric cars but becoming less common.

• Tesla Supercharger Network (NACS): Previously exclusive to Tesla vehicles, but other manufacturers are beginning to adopt it.

Using Adapters

With recent efforts for charging inclusivity, previously inaccessible chargers can now be used with adapters: J1772 EVs can use the Tesla Supercharger network via a Tesla to J1772 adapter for Level 1 and Level 2 charging and a NACS to CCS adapter for fast charging. Similarly, Tesla vehicles can use J1772 chargers using a J1772 to Tesla adapter for lower-level charging and a CCS to Tesla adapter for rapid charging.

Preparing for EV Charging

Before charging your EV, consider the following:

• Charging Station Compatibility: Ensure the public EV chargers support your vehicle’s charging port and charging connectors.

• Charging Speeds and Charging Times: DC fast chargers provide quick energy, but some stations may only offer Level 2 charging.

• Charging Costs: Public charging networks like Electrify America, ChargePoint, and Tesla Supercharger Network may charge per kWh, per session, or by time.

• Planning for Public Charging Stations: Use mobile apps like PlugShare and ChargePoint to locate reliable public charging options.

Using EV Charging Stations

Navigating EV charging stations efficiently ensures a smooth and hassle-free experience for EV drivers. From selecting the right charging station to completing a charging session, understanding the key steps can help maximize convenience and battery efficiency. Public charging is more common than ever, with 31 percent of EV drivers regularly charging in public and commercial parking spots. Below is a detailed guide to help you make the most of your EV charging experience.

Finding and Choosing the Right Public Charging Station

Locating a public charger that suits your needs is crucial. EV drivers can use mobile apps such as PlugShare, ChargePoint, and Electrify America to find available charging stations. These platforms provide real-time availability, station power levels, and user reviews to help identify the best public charging station locations.

General map apps, like Google Maps, can also show public charging stations, although they may lack real-time updates. Public chargers are often located near restaurants, shopping centers, and other public spaces, offering convenient charging opportunities while running errands or dining out. It’s also advisable to check for station reliability, as some public chargers may be out of service when you arrive.

Selecting the Appropriate Charger Type

Choosing the correct charger type depends on your electric car’s battery requirements and your available time. Level 1 type chargers are slow and best suited for overnight home charging. Level 2 chargers provide a balance between speed and accessibility, commonly found in shopping centers and workplaces. DC fast chargers, found in highway corridors and key public locations, offer rapid charging but should be used sparingly to preserve battery health.

Arriving at the Charging Station

Upon arrival at the charging station, ensure you follow parking regulations and etiquette. Electric car charging spots should only be occupied while actively charging. Many stations have clear signage and instructional displays to help guide you through the charging process. Familiarizing yourself with these layouts can prevent unnecessary delays and confusion.

Initiating the Charging Session

To begin charging, securely connect the charging cable to your EV’s charging port. Some stations require authentication before charging starts, which can be done through an RFID card, a mobile app, or direct credit card payment. Once authenticated, you can select your desired charging option and start the session.

During Charging

Monitoring your charging session is important to ensure everything is functioning correctly. Most EVs provide real-time charging updates via the dashboard or a connected mobile app. Charging speed may vary depending on power levels and battery state, with DC fast charging slowing down as your car's battery nears its full capacity.

Charging to 80 percent is often recommended because the last 20 percent takes longer than charging to 80 percent, due to battery management systems slowing the process to prevent overheating and prolong battery life. For safety, stay aware of your surroundings, especially in remote or poorly lit areas.

Ending the Charging Session

Once your vehicle has reached the desired charge level, follow the station’s instructions to properly end the session. Disconnect the charging cable safely and ensure that the charging port is securely closed. Before leaving, double-check your vehicle's battery status and return the charging cable to its holder to keep the station ready for the next user.

Maximizing Charging Efficiency

To optimize charging efficiency, aim to charge your EV up to 80% to reduce waiting times and prolong battery health. Using DC fast chargers strategically, such as during long trips, ensures quick top-ups without excessive battery strain. Planning your charging stops in advance helps minimize unnecessary delays.

Cost Considerations

Unlike traditional gasoline refueling, EV charging costs can vary widely depending on the charging station, power levels, electricity used, and charging networks used. Being aware of these variations can help EV drivers save money and plan efficient charging sessions.

• Comparing Charging Costs: The cost of charging an electric vehicle depends on factors such as location, provider, and charging speed. Some Level 2 public charging stations offer free charging, particularly at workplaces or shopping centers, while DC fast chargers usually charge a premium due to their high power output.

• Pricing Models: Charging stations may charge per kWh, per session, or by the minute. Some public EV chargers also impose an idle fee if the car remains plugged in after reaching a full battery.

• Subscription Plans: Many charging networks, such as Electrify America and ChargePoint, offer membership programs that reduce per-session costs for frequent users. These plans may include discounted rates, free sessions, or monthly fees in exchange for lower pricing.

• Home vs. Public Charging Costs: Home charging is typically the most cost-effective option, as electricity rates at home are lower than public charging rates. However, for those without home charging options, strategic use of workplace charging and lower-cost Level 2 public chargers can help reduce expenses.

• Regional Cost Differences: Some states and municipalities offer incentives or free public charging stations, making it beneficial to research available discounts in your area.

• Peak Hour Pricing: Certain electric vehicle charging networks implement dynamic pricing, where rates fluctuate based on demand. Charging during off-peak hours can lead to cost savings.

Troubleshooting

While EV charging stations are generally reliable, occasional issues can arise. Knowing how to troubleshoot common problems can help EV drivers avoid unnecessary delays and frustration.

• Charging Faults: If your charging session doesn’t start, first check for loose cables, improper connections, or station-specific issues. Some stations may require multiple attempts to authenticate before they begin charging. If the issue persists, try another charger or restart your vehicle.

• Slow Charging Speeds: Charging speeds may vary due to power levels, station capacity, or the vehicle’s battery state. If your EV is charging slower than expected, check if the station is providing the correct power output. Charging slows down significantly once the battery reaches 80% due to thermal management systems.

• Authentication and Payment Issues: Many charging stations require an RFID card, mobile app, or credit card for authentication. If payment is not processing, ensure your app or card is correctly linked. Restarting the app or reconnecting your account may help.

• Connector Compatibility Problems: Some stations offer multiple connector types, such as CCS, CHAdeMO, and Tesla NACS. Ensure that you are using the correct connector for your EV. Some adapters may be required for non-standard connections.

• Station Malfunctions: Public EV chargers may occasionally be out of service. If a station is not responding or showing error messages, report the issue via the station's mobile app or customer service line. Using PlugShare or ChargePoint can help locate alternative charging locations nearby.

• Cable Locking and Release Issues: Some EVs and charging stations lock the charging cable for security. If the cable does not release after charging, check your vehicle’s dashboard for an unlock option. Some stations may require you to manually end the session via the app or card reader before the cable can be removed.

• Overheating and Battery Management: If your EV's battery overheats during charging, the vehicle may automatically slow down the charging rate to protect the battery. Charging in shaded areas or at cooler times of the day can help prevent overheating.

• Unexpected Charging Stops: If a charging session stops unexpectedly, it may be due to a power fluctuation or station fault. Restart the session and monitor for further issues. If problems persist, contacting the charging station’s customer support can help resolve technical difficulties.

Key Takeaways on Using EV Charging Stations

Using EV charging stations effectively requires understanding different charging levels, connectors, and networks. Proper planning ensures smooth charging experiences and helps avoid unexpected issues.

• Know Your Charging Options: Familiarize yourself with Level 1, Level 2, and DC fast chargers to choose the best option for your needs.

• Use Charging Apps: Tools like PlugShare and ChargePoint help locate available stations, check reliability, and compare pricing.

• Plan Ahead for Road Trips: Mapping charging stops and understanding station compatibility prevents range anxiety.

• Maximize Charging Efficiency: Charging up to 80% optimizes charging speed and battery longevity.

• Understand Costs: Charging fees vary based on network and power level; membership programs can help reduce costs.

• Troubleshoot Common Issues: Knowing how to address slow charging, payment errors, and station malfunctions ensures a hassle-free experience.

By following these key points, EV owners can confidently navigate public charging stations and enhance their own electric vehicle charging experience.

FAQs

• How do you pay for public charging?

  Most public charging stations allow you to pay via a mobile app or an RFID card linked to your account. These apps will enable you to locate stations, start charging sessions, and manage payments by linking your credit or debit card.

• How do you use a public charging station?

  For most public charging networks, you need to sign up for an account via their app or website. Once registered, you can locate nearby stations, initiate charging sessions using the app or RFID card, and monitor charging progress. Payment is processed automatically through your linked payment method.

• How does the EV charging station work?

  An EV charging station delivers electricity to your vehicle’s battery via a compatible charging cable. Depending on the station type (Level 1, Level 2, or DC fast charging), the power levels and charging speeds will vary. After connecting your EV, you typically authenticate the session through an app, RFID card, or credit card before the station begins charging your vehicle.